panel/panelctl.sh

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

BASE_DIR="${PANEL_BASE_DIR:-/var/lib/containers}"
STACKS_DIR="${BASE_DIR}/stacks"
VOLUMES_DIR="${BASE_DIR}/volumes"
ROUTES_DIR="${BASE_DIR}/routes"
STATE_DIR="${BASE_DIR}/state"
APPS_DIR="${STATE_DIR}/apps"
ENV_DIR="${STATE_DIR}/env"
BACKUPS_DIR="${BASE_DIR}/backups"
# Owner of generated files that Caddy has to read (via the shared group).
PANEL_USER="${PANEL_USER:-reudy}"
PANEL_GROUP="${PANEL_GROUP:-panelroutes}"

# Set by load_app: compose file arguments, and the app's environment variables
# as KEY=VALUE words (passed to compose via env(1), never sourced).
COMPOSE_ARGS=()
APP_ENV_ARGS=()
APP_ENV_KEYS=()

FORWARD_AUTH_BLOCK='  forward_auth 127.0.0.1:9091 {
    uri /api/authz/forward-auth
    copy_headers Remote-User Remote-Groups Remote-Email Remote-Name
  }
'

validate_route_entry() {
  local entry="$1"
  # Format: domain|upstream[/path] or domain|upstream  (path is optional)
  IFS='|' read -r domain upstream path <<< "${entry}"
  [[ -n "${domain}" ]] || fail "empty domain in route entry '${entry}'"
  [[ -n "${upstream}" ]] || fail "empty upstream in route entry '${entry}'"
  validate_single_domain "${domain}"
  # Validate upstream has a port
  local upstream_port="${upstream##*:}"
  [[ "${upstream_port}" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] || fail "upstream '${upstream}' missing numeric port in route entry '${entry}'"
  validate_port "${upstream_port}"
  if [[ -n "${path}" ]]; then
    [[ "${path}" == /* ]] || fail "path '${path}' must start with / in route entry '${entry}'"
  fi
}

validate_routes() {
  local routes_str="$1"
  IFS=',' read -ra entries <<< "${routes_str}"
  [[ ${#entries[@]} -ge 1 ]] || fail "at least one route is required"
  for entry in "${entries[@]}"; do
    entry="$(echo "${entry}" | xargs)"
    validate_route_entry "${entry}"
  done
}

usage() {
  cat <<'EOF'
panelctl - minimal app panel helper

Usage:
  panelctl init <name> "<domain>|<upstream>[,...]" [auth]
  panelctl set-routes <name> "<domain>|<upstream>[,...]"
  panelctl render-route <name>
  panelctl deploy <name>
  panelctl restart <name>
  panelctl stop <name>
  panelctl status <name>
  panelctl logs <name> [--tail N]
  panelctl remove <name> [--keep-volumes]
  panelctl backup <name>
  panelctl list-backups <name>
  panelctl restore <name> <backup-file>
  panelctl volume-clear <name>
  panelctl validate-compose <name>
  panelctl list
  panelctl show <name>

Each route is a domain|upstream pair. Upstream is host:port.
Multiple routes are comma-separated:
  panelctl init myapp "app.example.com|127.0.0.1:18080,api.example.com|127.0.0.1:18081" true

Wildcard domains are supported (requires DNS challenge in Caddy):
  panelctl init myapp "*.example.com|127.0.0.1:18080" true

Examples:
  panelctl init whoami "whoami.reudy.net|127.0.0.1:18080" true
  panelctl deploy whoami
  panelctl restart whoami
  panelctl status whoami
  panelctl logs whoami --tail 50
  panelctl backup whoami
  panelctl list-backups whoami
  panelctl restore whoami whoami-20260101-120000.zip
EOF
}

fail() {
  echo "error: $*" >&2
  exit 1
}

log() {
  local level="${1:-info}"
  local msg="${2:-}"
  echo "${msg}" | systemd-cat -t panelctl -p "${level}" 2>/dev/null || true
}

ensure_base_dirs() {
  mkdir -p "${STACKS_DIR}" "${VOLUMES_DIR}" "${ROUTES_DIR}" "${APPS_DIR}" "${BACKUPS_DIR}"
}

validate_name() {
  local name="$1"
  [[ "${name}" =~ ^[a-z0-9]([a-z0-9-]*[a-z0-9])?$ ]] || fail "invalid name '${name}' (use lowercase slug)"
}

validate_single_domain() {
  local domain="$1"
  # Allow wildcard prefix *.
  local check="${domain}"
  if [[ "${check}" == \*.* ]]; then
    check="${check#\*.}"
  fi
  [[ "${check}" =~ ^[A-Za-z0-9]([A-Za-z0-9.-]*[A-Za-z0-9])?$ ]] || fail "invalid domain '${domain}'"
  [[ "${domain}" == *.* ]] || fail "domain '${domain}' must include a dot"
}

validate_domains() {
  local domains_str="$1"
  IFS=',' read -ra domains <<< "${domains_str}"
  [[ ${#domains[@]} -ge 1 ]] || fail "at least one domain is required"
  for d in "${domains[@]}"; do
    d="$(echo "${d}" | xargs)" # trim whitespace
    validate_single_domain "${d}"
  done
}

validate_port() {
  local port="$1"
  [[ "${port}" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] || fail "port must be numeric"
  (( port >= 1024 && port <= 65535 )) || fail "port must be in range 1024-65535"
}

app_manifest() {
  local name="$1"
  echo "${APPS_DIR}/${name}.env"
}

app_stack_dir() {
  local name="$1"
  echo "${STACKS_DIR}/${name}"
}

app_volume_dir() {
  local name="$1"
  echo "${VOLUMES_DIR}/${name}"
}

# All routes go into a single aggregate file that Caddy imports.
app_route_file() {
  echo "${ROUTES_DIR}/routes.caddy"
}

# The routes file is shared by all apps and rewritten read-modify-write, so
# concurrent panelctl runs (the API handles requests in parallel) must take turns.
routes_lock() {
  exec 9>"${ROUTES_DIR}/.routes.lock"
  if command -v flock >/dev/null 2>&1; then
    flock -w 30 9 || fail "timed out waiting for the routes file lock"
  fi
}

routes_unlock() {
  exec 9>&-
}

load_app() {
  local name="$1"
  local manifest
  manifest="$(app_manifest "${name}")"
  [[ -f "${manifest}" ]] || fail "app '${name}' does not exist"
  # shellcheck disable=SC1090
  source "${manifest}"

  # Backward compat: migrate old APP_DOMAIN/APP_PORT/APP_UPSTREAM to APP_ROUTES
  if [[ -z "${APP_ROUTES:-}" && -n "${APP_DOMAIN:-}" ]]; then
    local upstream="${APP_UPSTREAM:-127.0.0.1:${APP_PORT:-18080}}"
    local routes=""
    local domains_str="${APP_DOMAINS:-${APP_DOMAIN}}"
    IFS=',' read -ra domain_arr <<< "${domains_str}"
    for d in "${domain_arr[@]}"; do
      d="$(echo "${d}" | xargs)"
      if [[ -n "${routes}" ]]; then
        routes="${routes},${d}|${upstream}"
      else
        routes="${d}|${upstream}"
      fi
    done
    APP_ROUTES="${routes}"
  fi

  load_app_env "${name}"
}

app_env_file() {
  echo "${ENV_DIR}/$1.env"
}

# Generated compose override that passes the app's variables into every service.
app_env_override() {
  echo "${STACKS_DIR}/$1/.panel-env.yaml"
}

load_app_env() {
  local name="$1"
  local file line key override
  file="$(app_env_file "${name}")"
  APP_ENV_ARGS=()
  APP_ENV_KEYS=()
  if [[ -f "${file}" ]]; then
    while IFS= read -r line || [[ -n "${line}" ]]; do
      [[ -z "${line}" || "${line}" == \#* || "${line}" != *=* ]] && continue
      key="${line%%=*}"
      [[ "${key}" =~ ^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$ ]] || continue
      APP_ENV_ARGS+=("${line}")
      APP_ENV_KEYS+=("${key}")
    done <"${file}"
  fi

  COMPOSE_ARGS=(-f "${APP_COMPOSE_FILE}")
  override="$(app_env_override "${name}")"
  if [[ -f "${override}" ]]; then
    COMPOSE_ARGS+=(-f "${override}")
  fi
}

# (Re)generate the env override before containers are created. Variables are
# always available for ${VAR} interpolation; with APP_ENV_INJECT (default true)
# every service also receives them. Bare keys make compose read the values from
# its own environment, so values never have to be quoted into YAML.
prepare_env_override() {
  local name="$1"
  local override services svc key tmp
  override="$(app_env_override "${name}")"

  if [[ ${#APP_ENV_KEYS[@]} -eq 0 || "${APP_ENV_INJECT:-true}" != "true" ]]; then
    rm -f "${override}"
    COMPOSE_ARGS=(-f "${APP_COMPOSE_FILE}")
    return
  fi

  services="$(run_compose -f "${APP_COMPOSE_FILE}" config --services 2>/dev/null)" \
    || fail "could not list compose services to pass environment variables (is the compose file valid?)"

  tmp="$(mktemp)"
  {
    echo "# Generated by panelctl from the app's environment variables. Do not edit."
    echo "services:"
    while IFS= read -r svc; do
      [[ "${svc}" =~ ^[A-Za-z0-9._-]+$ ]] || continue
      printf '  "%s":\n    environment:\n' "${svc}"
      for key in "${APP_ENV_KEYS[@]}"; do
        printf '      - %s\n' "${key}"
      done
    done <<<"${services}"
  } >"${tmp}"
  install -m 0640 "${tmp}" "${override}"
  rm -f "${tmp}"
  COMPOSE_ARGS=(-f "${APP_COMPOSE_FILE}" -f "${override}")
}

compose_command() {
  local podman_bin=""
  local podman_compose_bin=""

  if command -v podman >/dev/null 2>&1; then
    podman_bin="$(command -v podman)"
  elif [[ -x /run/current-system/sw/bin/podman ]]; then
    podman_bin="/run/current-system/sw/bin/podman"
  fi

  if command -v podman-compose >/dev/null 2>&1; then
    podman_compose_bin="$(command -v podman-compose)"
  elif [[ -x /run/current-system/sw/bin/podman-compose ]]; then
    podman_compose_bin="/run/current-system/sw/bin/podman-compose"
  fi

  if [[ -n "${podman_bin}" ]] && "${podman_bin}" compose version >/dev/null 2>&1; then
    echo "${podman_bin} compose"
    return
  fi

  if [[ -n "${podman_compose_bin}" ]]; then
    echo "${podman_compose_bin}"
    return
  fi

  fail "no compose command available (need 'podman compose' or 'podman-compose')"
}

ensure_podman_runtime_env() {
  local uid
  uid="$(id -u)"

  if [[ -z "${HOME:-}" ]]; then
    HOME="$(getent passwd "${uid}" | cut -d: -f6 || true)"
    export HOME
  fi

  if [[ -z "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR:-}" ]]; then
    XDG_RUNTIME_DIR="/run/user/${uid}"
    export XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
  fi

  if [[ ! -d "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}" ]]; then
    fail "XDG_RUNTIME_DIR '${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}' does not exist for uid ${uid}. Ensure user runtime is available (e.g. loginctl enable-linger $(id -un))."
  fi

  if [[ -z "${DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS:-}" && -S "${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/bus" ]]; then
    DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS="unix:path=${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/bus"
    export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS
  fi

  unset DOCKER_HOST
  unset CONTAINER_HOST
}

run_compose() {
  local compose
  compose="$(compose_command)"

  ensure_podman_runtime_env

  if [[ "${compose}" == *" compose" ]]; then
    local podman_bin="${compose% compose}"
    env "${APP_ENV_ARGS[@]}" "${podman_bin}" compose "$@"
    return
  fi

  env "${APP_ENV_ARGS[@]}" "${compose}" "$@"
}

write_default_compose() {
  local name="$1"
  local routes="$2"
  local stack_dir
  local volume_dir
  stack_dir="$(app_stack_dir "${name}")"
  volume_dir="$(app_volume_dir "${name}")"

  # Use first route's upstream port for the default compose mapping
  local first_route="${routes%%,*}"
  local first_upstream="${first_route#*|}"
  local container_port="${first_upstream##*:}"

  cat >"${stack_dir}/compose.yaml" <<EOF
services:
  app:
    image: docker.io/traefik/whoami:latest
    restart: unless-stopped
    ports:
      - "127.0.0.1:${container_port}:80"
    volumes:
      - ${volume_dir}/data:/data
EOF
}

write_manifest() {
  local name="$1"
  local routes="$2"
  local auth="$3"
  local manifest
  local stack_dir
  local volume_dir
  local route_file

  manifest="$(app_manifest "${name}")"
  stack_dir="$(app_stack_dir "${name}")"
  volume_dir="$(app_volume_dir "${name}")"
  route_file="$(app_route_file)"

  cat >"${manifest}" <<EOF
APP_NAME="${name}"
APP_ROUTES="${routes}"
APP_AUTH_PROTECTED="${auth}"
APP_STACK_DIR="${stack_dir}"
APP_COMPOSE_FILE="${stack_dir}/compose.yaml"
APP_VOLUME_DIR="${volume_dir}"
APP_ROUTE_FILE="${route_file}"
EOF
}

cmd_init() {
  local name="$1"
  local routes="$2"
  local auth="${3:-true}"

  validate_name "${name}"
  validate_routes "${routes}"
  [[ "${auth}" == "true" || "${auth}" == "false" ]] || fail "auth must be true or false"

  ensure_base_dirs

  local manifest
  local stack_dir
  local volume_dir
  manifest="$(app_manifest "${name}")"
  stack_dir="$(app_stack_dir "${name}")"
  volume_dir="$(app_volume_dir "${name}")"

  [[ ! -f "${manifest}" ]] || fail "app '${name}' already exists"

  mkdir -p "${stack_dir}" "${volume_dir}/data"
  write_default_compose "${name}" "${routes}"
  write_manifest "${name}" "${routes}" "${auth}"
  cmd_render_route "${name}"

  log info "initialized app '${name}'"
}

cmd_render_route() {
  local name="$1"
  validate_name "${name}"
  load_app "${name}"

  local auth_block=""
  if [[ "${APP_AUTH_PROTECTED}" == "true" ]]; then
    auth_block="${FORWARD_AUTH_BLOCK}"
  fi

  local route_file
  route_file="$(app_route_file)"

  routes_lock

  # Strip any existing block for this app from the aggregate file.
  local tmp
  tmp="$(mktemp)"

  if [[ -f "${route_file}" ]]; then
    sed "/^# route:${name}:start$/,/^# route:${name}:end$/d" "${route_file}" >"${tmp}" || true
  else
    printf "" >"${tmp}"
  fi

  {
    printf "# route:%s:start\n" "${name}"
    IFS=',' read -ra route_entries <<< "${APP_ROUTES}"
    for entry in "${route_entries[@]}"; do
      entry="$(echo "${entry}" | xargs)"
      IFS='|' read -r domain upstream path <<< "${entry}"
      # If upstream is empty (no second pipe), this is the old format
      if [[ -z "${upstream}" ]]; then
        upstream="${path}"
        path=""
      fi
      if [[ -n "${path}" ]]; then
        if [[ -n "${auth_block}" ]]; then
          printf "%s {\n%s  reverse_proxy %s %s\n}\n" "${domain}" "${auth_block}" "${path}" "${upstream}"
        else
          printf "%s {\n  reverse_proxy %s %s\n}\n" "${domain}" "${path}" "${upstream}"
        fi
      else
        if [[ -n "${auth_block}" ]]; then
          printf "%s {\n%s  reverse_proxy %s\n}\n" "${domain}" "${auth_block}" "${upstream}"
        else
          printf "%s {\n  reverse_proxy %s\n}\n" "${domain}" "${upstream}"
        fi
      fi
    done
    printf "# route:%s:end\n" "${name}"
  } >>"${tmp}"

  install -m 0664 -o "${PANEL_USER}" -g "${PANEL_GROUP}" "${tmp}" "${route_file}"
  rm -f "${tmp}"
  routes_unlock
  log info "rendered route ${route_file}"
}

cmd_deploy() {
  local name="$1"
  validate_name "${name}"
  load_app "${name}"

  log info "Starting deployment for app '${name}'"

  cmd_render_route "${name}"
  prepare_env_override "${name}"

  # Capture compose output so callers (the web UI) can show why a deploy failed,
  # and still forward it to the journal.
  local output
  if ! output="$(run_compose "${COMPOSE_ARGS[@]}" up -d --build --remove-orphans 2>&1)"; then
    printf '%s\n' "${output}" | systemd-cat -t panelctl -p err 2>/dev/null || true
    printf '%s\n' "${output}" >&2
    log err "Deployment failed for app '${name}'"
    fail "compose up failed"
  fi
  printf '%s\n' "${output}" | systemd-cat -t panelctl -p info 2>/dev/null || true
  printf '%s\n' "${output}"

  log info "Successfully deployed app '${name}'"
}

cmd_restart() {
  local name="$1"
  validate_name "${name}"
  load_app "${name}"

  log info "Restarting app '${name}'"

  run_compose "${COMPOSE_ARGS[@]}" down --remove-orphans || fail "compose down failed"
  prepare_env_override "${name}"

  if ! run_compose "${COMPOSE_ARGS[@]}" up -d --build --remove-orphans 2>&1; then
    fail "compose up failed during restart"
  fi

  log info "restarted app '${name}'"
}

cmd_stop() {
  local name="$1"
  validate_name "${name}"
  load_app "${name}"

  run_compose "${COMPOSE_ARGS[@]}" down --remove-orphans || fail "compose down failed"
  log info "stopped app '${name}'"
}

cmd_status() {
  local name="$1"
  validate_name "${name}"
  load_app "${name}"

  run_compose "${COMPOSE_ARGS[@]}" ps --format json 2>/dev/null || \
    run_compose "${COMPOSE_ARGS[@]}" ps 2>/dev/null || \
    log info "no containers running"
}

cmd_logs() {
  local name="$1"
  shift
  validate_name "${name}"
  load_app "${name}"

  local tail_lines="100"
  while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
    case "$1" in
      --tail)
        tail_lines="$2"
        shift 2
        ;;
      *)
        shift
        ;;
    esac
  done

  run_compose "${COMPOSE_ARGS[@]}" logs --tail "${tail_lines}" 2>&1 || log info "no logs available"
}

cmd_validate_compose() {
  local name="$1"
  validate_name "${name}"
  load_app "${name}"

  if run_compose "${COMPOSE_ARGS[@]}" config >/dev/null 2>&1; then
    log info "compose file is valid"
  else
    local output
    output="$(run_compose "${COMPOSE_ARGS[@]}" config 2>&1 || true)"
    fail "compose validation failed: ${output}"
  fi
}

cmd_remove() {
  local name="$1"
  local keep_volumes="${2:-}"
  validate_name "${name}"
  load_app "${name}"

  run_compose "${COMPOSE_ARGS[@]}" down --remove-orphans 2>/dev/null || true

  # Remove this app's block from the aggregate routes file.
  local route_file
  route_file="$(app_route_file)"
  if [[ -f "${route_file}" ]]; then
    routes_lock
    local tmp
    tmp="$(mktemp)"
    sed "/^# route:${name}:start$/,/^# route:${name}:end$/d" "${route_file}" >"${tmp}" || true
    install -m 0664 -o "${PANEL_USER}" -g "${PANEL_GROUP}" "${tmp}" "${route_file}"
    rm -f "${tmp}"
    routes_unlock
  fi

  rm -f "$(app_manifest "${name}")" "$(app_env_file "${name}")"
  rm -rf "${APP_STACK_DIR}"

  if [[ "${keep_volumes}" != "--keep-volumes" ]]; then
    rm -rf "${APP_VOLUME_DIR}"
  fi

  log info "removed app '${name}'"
}

cmd_set_routes() {
  local name="$1"
  local routes="$2"
  local manifest

  validate_name "${name}"
  validate_routes "${routes}"
  manifest="$(app_manifest "${name}")"
  [[ -f "${manifest}" ]] || fail "app '${name}' does not exist"

  # Update APP_ROUTES in the manifest file, strip old fields, preserve others
  local tmp
  tmp="$(mktemp)"
  local found_routes=false
  while IFS= read -r line; do
    case "${line}" in
      APP_ROUTES=*)
        printf 'APP_ROUTES="%s"\n' "${routes}" >> "${tmp}"
        found_routes=true
        ;;
      APP_DOMAIN=*|APP_DOMAINS=*|APP_PORT=*|APP_UPSTREAM=*)
        # Strip old format fields
        ;;
      *)
        printf '%s\n' "${line}" >> "${tmp}"
        ;;
    esac
  done < "${manifest}"
  if ! "${found_routes}"; then
    printf 'APP_ROUTES="%s"\n' "${routes}" >> "${tmp}"
  fi
  install -m 0664 "${tmp}" "${manifest}"

  # Re-render Caddy routes (auto-reloads via systemd.path watcher)
  cmd_render_route "${name}"

  log info "updated routes for app '${name}'. Edit compose file if new ports need exposing."
}

cmd_backup() {
  local name="$1"
  validate_name "${name}"
  load_app "${name}"

  ensure_base_dirs

  local volume_dir
  volume_dir="$(app_volume_dir "${name}")"
  [[ -d "${volume_dir}" ]] || fail "volume directory '${volume_dir}' does not exist"

  local timestamp
  timestamp="$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S)"
  local backup_file="${BACKUPS_DIR}/${name}-${timestamp}.zip"

  # Stop containers before backup for consistency
  local was_running=false
  if run_compose "${COMPOSE_ARGS[@]}" ps --format json 2>/dev/null | grep -q '"running"' 2>/dev/null; then
    was_running=true
    log info "stopping containers for consistent backup..."
    run_compose "${COMPOSE_ARGS[@]}" down 2>/dev/null || true
  fi

  (cd "${volume_dir}" && zip -r "${backup_file}" .) || fail "zip failed"

  # Also include the compose file in the backup
  local stack_dir
  stack_dir="$(app_stack_dir "${name}")"
  if [[ -f "${stack_dir}/compose.yaml" ]]; then
    (cd "${stack_dir}" && zip -j "${backup_file}" compose.yaml) || true
  fi

  # Restart if it was running
  if [[ "${was_running}" == "true" ]]; then
    log info "restarting containers after backup..."
    run_compose "${COMPOSE_ARGS[@]}" up -d 2>/dev/null || true
  fi

  local size
  size="$(du -h "${backup_file}" | cut -f1)"
  log info "backup created: ${backup_file} (${size})"
}

cmd_list_backups() {
  local name="$1"
  validate_name "${name}"
  load_app "${name}"

  ensure_base_dirs

  local found=0
  for bf in "${BACKUPS_DIR}/${name}"-*.zip; do
    [[ -e "${bf}" ]] || continue
    found=1
    local fname size mtime
    fname="$(basename "${bf}")"
    size="$(du -h "${bf}" | cut -f1)"
    mtime="$(stat -c '%Y' "${bf}" 2>/dev/null || stat -f '%m' "${bf}" 2>/dev/null || echo "0")"
    echo "${fname} ${size} ${mtime}"
  done

  if [[ "${found}" -eq 0 ]]; then
    log info "no backups found for '${name}'"
  fi
}

cmd_volume_clear() {
  local name="$1"
  validate_name "${name}"
  load_app "${name}"

  log info "clearing volume data for app '${name}'"
  run_compose "${COMPOSE_ARGS[@]}" down --remove-orphans 2>/dev/null || true

  local data_dir="${APP_VOLUME_DIR}/data"
  if [[ -d "${data_dir}" ]]; then
    rm -rf "${data_dir:?}"/*
    rm -rf "${data_dir:?}"/.[!.]* 2>/dev/null || true
  fi
  mkdir -p "${APP_VOLUME_DIR}/data"

  log info "volume data cleared for app '${name}'"
}

cmd_restore() {
  local name="$1"
  local backup_file="$2"
  validate_name "${name}"
  load_app "${name}"

  # Resolve backup file path
  local full_path="${backup_file}"
  if [[ ! -f "${full_path}" ]]; then
    full_path="${BACKUPS_DIR}/${backup_file}"
  fi
  [[ -f "${full_path}" ]] || fail "backup file '${backup_file}' not found"

  # Ensure it's a zip file within the backups directory
  local norm_path
  norm_path="$(realpath "${full_path}")"
  local norm_backups
  norm_backups="$(realpath "${BACKUPS_DIR}")"
  [[ "${norm_path}" == "${norm_backups}"/* ]] || fail "backup file must be in the backups directory"

  local volume_dir
  volume_dir="$(app_volume_dir "${name}")"

  # Stop containers before restore
  log info "stopping containers for restore..."
  run_compose "${COMPOSE_ARGS[@]}" down 2>/dev/null || true

  # Clear existing volume data and extract backup
  rm -rf "${volume_dir:?}"/*
  mkdir -p "${volume_dir}"
  (cd "${volume_dir}" && unzip -o "${norm_path}") || fail "unzip failed"

  log info "restored '${name}' from $(basename "${norm_path}")"
  log info "run 'panelctl deploy ${name}' to start the app'"
}

cmd_inspect_volumes() {
  local name="$1"
  validate_name "${name}"
  load_app "${name}"

  echo "default|${APP_VOLUME_DIR}/data"
  
  local podman_bin=""
  if command -v podman >/dev/null 2>&1; then
    podman_bin="$(command -v podman)"
  elif [[ -x /run/current-system/sw/bin/podman ]]; then
    podman_bin="/run/current-system/sw/bin/podman"
  fi

  if [[ -n "${podman_bin}" ]]; then
    "${podman_bin}" volume ls --filter label=com.docker.compose.project="${name}" --format '{{.Name}}|{{.Mountpoint}}' 2>/dev/null || true
    "${podman_bin}" volume ls --filter label=io.podman.compose.project="${name}" --format '{{.Name}}|{{.Mountpoint}}' 2>/dev/null || true
  # grep exits 1 when there are no named volumes; that is not an error.
  fi | sort -u | grep -v '^$' || true
}

cmd_list() {
  ensure_base_dirs
  local found=0
  for mf in "${APPS_DIR}"/*.env; do
    [[ -e "${mf}" ]] || continue
    found=1
    # shellcheck disable=SC1090
    source /dev/null  # reset any leftover variables
    unset APP_REPO_URL APP_REPO_BRANCH APP_REPO_DIR 2>/dev/null || true
    source "${mf}"
    # Backward compat: build APP_ROUTES from old format
    local routes="${APP_ROUTES:-}"
    if [[ -z "${routes}" && -n "${APP_DOMAIN:-}" ]]; then
      local upstream="${APP_UPSTREAM:-127.0.0.1:${APP_PORT:-18080}}"
      local domains_str="${APP_DOMAINS:-${APP_DOMAIN}}"
      IFS=',' read -ra domain_arr <<< "${domains_str}"
      for d in "${domain_arr[@]}"; do
        d="$(echo "${d}" | xargs)"
        if [[ -n "${routes}" ]]; then
          routes="${routes},${d}|${upstream}"
        else
          routes="${d}|${upstream}"
        fi
      done
    fi
    # Show abbreviated: first route's domain + upstream, and count
    local first_route="${routes%%,*}"
    local route_count=1
    if [[ "${routes}" == *","* ]]; then
      route_count="$(( $(grep -o ',' <<< "${routes}" | wc -l) + 1 ))"
    fi
    local repo_info="${APP_REPO_URL:-}"
    echo "${APP_NAME} ${first_route} routes=${route_count} auth=${APP_AUTH_PROTECTED} ${repo_info}"
  done

  if [[ "${found}" -eq 0 ]]; then
    log info "no apps found"
  fi
}

cmd_show() {
  local name="$1"
  validate_name "${name}"
  local mf
  mf="$(app_manifest "${name}")"
  [[ -f "${mf}" ]] || fail "app '${name}' does not exist"
  cat "${mf}"
}

main() {
  local cmd="${1:-}"

  case "${cmd}" in
    init)
      [[ $# -ge 3 ]] || fail "usage: panelctl init <name> <routes> [auth]"
      cmd_init "$2" "$3" "${4:-true}"
      ;;
    set-routes)
      [[ $# -eq 3 ]] || fail "usage: panelctl set-routes <name> <routes>"
      cmd_set_routes "$2" "$3"
      ;;
    render-route)
      [[ $# -eq 2 ]] || fail "usage: panelctl render-route <name>"
      cmd_render_route "$2"
      ;;
    deploy)
      [[ $# -eq 2 ]] || fail "usage: panelctl deploy <name>"
      cmd_deploy "$2"
      ;;
    restart)
      [[ $# -eq 2 ]] || fail "usage: panelctl restart <name>"
      cmd_restart "$2"
      ;;
    stop)
      [[ $# -eq 2 ]] || fail "usage: panelctl stop <name>"
      cmd_stop "$2"
      ;;
    status)
      [[ $# -eq 2 ]] || fail "usage: panelctl status <name>"
      cmd_status "$2"
      ;;
    logs)
      [[ $# -ge 2 ]] || fail "usage: panelctl logs <name> [--tail N]"
      cmd_logs "$2" "${@:3}"
      ;;
    validate-compose)
      [[ $# -eq 2 ]] || fail "usage: panelctl validate-compose <name>"
      cmd_validate_compose "$2"
      ;;
    remove)
      [[ $# -ge 2 ]] || fail "usage: panelctl remove <name> [--keep-volumes]"
      cmd_remove "$2" "${3:-}"
      ;;
    backup)
      [[ $# -eq 2 ]] || fail "usage: panelctl backup <name>"
      cmd_backup "$2"
      ;;
    list-backups)
      [[ $# -eq 2 ]] || fail "usage: panelctl list-backups <name>"
      cmd_list_backups "$2"
      ;;
    restore)
      [[ $# -eq 3 ]] || fail "usage: panelctl restore <name> <backup-file>"
      cmd_restore "$2" "$3"
      ;;
    volume-clear)
      [[ $# -eq 2 ]] || fail "usage: panelctl volume-clear <name>"
      cmd_volume_clear "$2"
      ;;
    inspect-volumes)
      [[ $# -eq 2 ]] || fail "usage: panelctl inspect-volumes <name>"
      cmd_inspect_volumes "$2"
      ;;
    list)
      [[ $# -eq 1 ]] || fail "usage: panelctl list"
      cmd_list
      ;;
    show)
      [[ $# -eq 2 ]] || fail "usage: panelctl show <name>"
      cmd_show "$2"
      ;;
    ""|-h|--help|help)
      usage
      ;;
    *)
      fail "unknown command '${cmd}'"
      ;;
  esac
}

main "$@"